{"id":208,"date":"2025-05-26T01:48:12","date_gmt":"2025-05-26T01:48:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/?p=208"},"modified":"2025-06-10T03:04:49","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T03:04:49","slug":"sieu-may-tinh-mo-duong-cho-laptop-nhu-the-nao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/index.php\/2025\/05\/26\/sieu-may-tinh-mo-duong-cho-laptop-nhu-the-nao\/","title":{"rendered":"Si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho laptop nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ra \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf M\u1ef9, c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>

Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940 v\u00e0 1950, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u1edf quy m\u00f4 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ra \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf M\u1ef9. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, theo National Geographic<\/em>.<\/p>

Mark I (n\u0103m 1944)<\/strong><\/p>

\"M\u00e1y
M\u00e1y t\u00ednh Mark I. \u1ea2nh: Nat Geo<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>

N\u0103m 1936, Howard Aiken, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Charles Babbage. N\u0103m 1939, Aiken xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh ph\u00ed t\u1eeb IBM. Hai n\u0103m sau, H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 tham gia d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o t\u1ea7m xa, m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cao. Mark I \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef n\u0103m 1944 v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ea7m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Mark I c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n 15 m, n\u1eb7ng 5 t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m 750.000 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn. Ba \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecdc b\u0103ng \u1edf cu\u1ed1i ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>

ENIAC (n\u0103m 1945)<\/strong><\/p>

N\u0103m 1943, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 c\u1ea5p kinh ph\u00ed cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh do hai k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Pennsylvania ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch John Mauchly v\u00e0 John Presper Eckert, Jr. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n Mark I. C\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng 15 x 9 m, v\u1edbi 40 t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng cao h\u01a1n 1,8 m. ENIAC ch\u1ee9a h\u01a1n 17.000 \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n nhanh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Mark I. M\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 3 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n 5.000 ph\u00e9p c\u1ed9ng m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y trong khi Mark I c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u00edt h\u01a1n 4. Ra m\u1eaft v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2\/1946 nh\u01b0 “m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi”, ENIAC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf bom hydro.<\/p>

EDVAC (n\u0103m 1949)<\/strong><\/p>

Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra “m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng” theo \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Alan Turing lan r\u1ed9ng. Nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 John von Neumann c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o ti\u00ean phong n\u0103m 1946. Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd l\u00e0m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb nh\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, thay v\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>

\"M\u00e1y
M\u00e1y t\u00ednh EDVAC. \u1ea2nh: Bettmann<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>

C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh ENIAC, Mauchly v\u00e0 Eckert, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u0103m 1949, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh lo\u1ea1i von Neumann th\u1ee9 hai ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn sau EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator), ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 3 th\u00e1ng. EDVAC s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ec5 th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y. EDVAC chi\u1ebfm di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 45,5 m2.<\/p>

UNIVAC (n\u0103m 1951)<\/strong><\/p>

EDVAC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1n cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u0169ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e1y t\u00ednh d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. N\u0103m 1946, Eckert v\u00e0 Mauchly gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh cho C\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u1ef9 nh\u1eb1m thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y l\u1eadp b\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00f4ng tin l\u01b0u tr\u1eef tr\u00ean th\u1ebb b\u1ea5m l\u1ed7. D\u00f9 c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb mua l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1eef Remington, n\u0103m 1951, h\u1ecd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer). Trong m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, UNIVAC c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ec5 th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng 5.000.<\/p>

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc 7.200 s\u1ed1 th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y. Th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n ph\u00edm v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean b\u0103ng t\u1eeb thay v\u00ec th\u1ebb b\u1ea5m l\u1ed7, s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c \u1edf c\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m quen. Th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean b\u0103ng t\u1eeb sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ra tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y m\u00e1y t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>

IBM 650 (n\u0103m 1954)<\/strong><\/p>

\"M\u1ed9t
M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh IBM 650. \u1ea2nh: IBM<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u1ee7a IBM, c\u00f4ng ty ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e1y th\u1ebb b\u1ea5m l\u1ed7. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a IBM l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ri\u00eang. N\u0103m 1954, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. IBM c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 500.000 USD, r\u1ebb h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u USD c\u1ee7a UNIVAC. Trong 8 n\u0103m, 1.800 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, IBM 650 kh\u00e1c xa m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb tr\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb thay v\u00ec \u0111\u0129a c\u1ee9ng (IBM gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u0103m 1956). N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng thay cho b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn (\u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a IBM l\u00e0 Bell Labs t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e1y t\u00ednh d\u00f9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn n\u0103m 1954 v\u00e0 IBM n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1959) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi tr\u00ean th\u1ebb b\u1ea5m l\u1ed7.<\/p>

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ra \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf M\u1ef9, c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940 v\u00e0 1950, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":223,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"two_page_speed":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-208","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/208","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=208"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/208\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":593,"href":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/208\/revisions\/593"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/223"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=208"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=208"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vothaonhu.id.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=208"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}